Sunday 2 June 2013

Dinner Group 2/2010 ( In-charge Tahun 3 Semester I )

Majlis Tamat Latihan
Kumpulan 2/2010

Tarikh : 26.Mei.2013
Tempat : Hotel Renaissance , Kota Bharu .
Tema : Princess in the garden.

~ incharge : Tahun 3 Semester I ( Semester IV ) ~









~ me & ex roomate ~

~ me & my bff ~

 ~ princess ~

~ me ~






MiSs AnAyLe KiM


Sakit pengahus dosa

Tonsillitis again & again ..

hurmmm bersabar dengan dugaan yang diberikan ,, bwu je 2 mggu lpas yana baek dpd dmam ngn simtom2 tonsil ,, tbe2 dtg smule simtom tu ,, Ya Allah besar sungguh dugaan yang diberikan ,, alhamdulillah masih bernyawa dan bernafas lagi diri ini ,,
ni contoh tonsillitis :

~ gmba sekadar hiasan ~ bukan yana tw ..

ni simtom yang slalu yana kne ... # demam # batuk # selseme #
~ hari pertama demam ~
~ hari kedue demam ~
~ hari ketige demam ~

ummmm cobaan ... pape pon igt lah " Sakit itu penghapus dosa kecil " tertulis dlm hadis ..

coretan mengenai ayat tersebut :

Sesungguhnya, apabila seorang hamba Allah jatuh sakit, Allah akan utuskan 4 malaikat untuk :


1. Malaikat Pertama akan mengambil SELERA MAKANNYA
2. Malaikat Kedua akan mengambil REZEKINYA
3.Malaikat Ketiga akan mengambil KECANTIKAN WAJAH( pucat )
4. Malaikat Keempat akan mengambil DOSANYA






Tak Mintak Perhatian Pon

dear blogger ,, 2 ari yang lepas yana tman kwn g date .. yana g jalan mana2 je ,, hehehe saje jd owg tgh sbb dy yg ajak tman agpn kn dy da na abes sem so tman je la ,, pkir sbb mbe kn ,, hehehe ,, ummm pada mulenye yana diam je ,, yana xbyk la ckp sbb pkwe dy tu yana xknal mane ,, lame2 oke la tp xla mesra pon ,, yang jadi isu skang ni ,, tbe2 pkwe pelik smacam ,, hahaha ag plak yana xshat ...

1. dyowg duk borak2 , tbe2 pkwe dy duk selit2 yana ...
2. g men bowling ,, da la yana xpndai men bowling tbe2 dy ajak men ,, ish2 ,, yana da bg line da kt mbe bduet ngn pkwe dy ,, tbe2 jd isu xley men bdue ,,, ish3 ade je owg men bdue ,,
3. yana na topup ,, tbe2 dy g esso na isi myak ,, kt esso tu ad 7e ,, yanalupe na kirim topup ,, tbe2 dy suh tgu lam kete ngn awek dy ,, jd yana tgu la ,, stibenye dy kt kete tgk dy beli air ,, oke la tp tibe2 dy hulur topup kt yana ,, yana pon pelik r ,, tp wt xtw je ,, ummmm
4. g pntai bachok sbb ad psar mlm ,, mase kt cne dy duk sbuk ckp ngn yana ,, ummmm
5. mase na blek dy asyik pesan suh mam ubat ,,, xpe la nsht sbgai kwn kot ~

Sebelum g ~ tggu mbe ngn muke bkerut ~

KB Mall

Bowling ~ yana xpndai men ~

Membe & Bf

Turn yana bowlup ~

~ yg last tu yana ~

Pasar malam kat bachok

harini plak td mbe g date ag ,, mbe jumpe yana mse rolcol ,, dy ckp mamat tu asyik tnye sal yana ,, pelik la ,, xpena jd cm ni kt yana .. agak2 npe ea ?

Saturday 1 June 2013

Wikipedia about Tonsillitis

Tonsillitis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tonsilitis
Classification and external resources
A set of large tonsils in the back of the throat covered in white exudate
A culture positive case of Streptococcal pharyngitis with typical tonsillar exudate
ICD-10J03J35.0
ICD-9463
DiseasesDB13165
MedlinePlus001043
eMedicinearticle/871977
MeSHD014069
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils most commonly caused by viral or bacterial infection. Symptoms may include sore throat and fever. When caused by a bacterium belonging to the group A streptococcus, it is typically referred to as strep throat. The overwhelming majority of people recover completely with or without medication. In 40%, symptoms will resolve in three days, and within one week in 85% of people, regardless of whether streptococcal infection is present or not.[1]

Contents

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Signs and symptoms [edit]

Common signs and symptoms include:[2][3][4][5]
  • sore throat
  • red, swollen tonsils
  • pain when swallowing
  • high temperature (fever)
  • coughing
  • headache
  • tiredness
  • chills
  • a general sense of feeling unwell (malaise)
  • white pus-filled spots on the tonsils
  • swollen lymph nodes (glands) in the neck
  • pain in the ears or neck
Less common symptoms include:
  • nausea
  • stomach ache
  • vomiting
  • furry tongue
  • bad breath (halitosis)
  • voice changes
  • difficulty opening the mouth (trismus)
In cases of acute tonsillitis, the surface of the tonsil may be bright red and with visible white areas or streaks of pus.[6]
Tonsilloliths occur in up to 10% of the population frequently due to episodes of tonsillitis.[7]

Causes [edit]

The most common cause is viral infection and includes adenovirusrhinovirusinfluenzacoronavirus, and respiratory syncytial virus.[2][3][4][5] It can also be caused by Epstein-Barr virusherpes simplex viruscytomegalovirus, or HIV.[2][3][4][5] The second most common cause is bacterial infection of which the predominant is Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS), which causesstrep throat.[2][3][4][5] Less common bacterial causes include: Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA ),[8]Streptococcus pneumoniae,Mycoplasma pneumoniaeChlamydia pneumoniaepertussisFusobacteriumdiphtheriasyphilis, and gonorrhea.[2][3][4][5]
Anaerobic bacteria have been implicated in tonsillitis and a possible role in the acute inflammatory process is supported by several clinical and scientific observations.[9]
Under normal circumstances, as viruses and bacteria enter the body through the nose and mouth, they are filtered in the tonsils.[10][11] Within the tonsils, white blood cells of the immune system destroy the viruses or bacteria by producing inflammatory cytokines like Phospholipase A2,[12] which also lead to fever.[10][11] The infection may also be present in the throat and surrounding areas, causing inflammation of the pharynx.[13]
Sometimes, tonsillitis is caused by an infection of spirochaeta and treponema, in this case called Vincent's angina or Plaut-Vincent angina.[14]

Diagnosis [edit]

The diagnosis of GABHS tonsillitis can be confirmed by culture of samples obtained by swabbing both tonsillar surfaces and the posterior pharyngeal wall and plating them on sheep blood agarmedium. The isolation rate can be increased by incubating the cultures under anaerobic conditions and using selective growth media. A single throat culture has a sensitivity of 90%-95% for the detection of GABHS (which means that GABHS is actually present 5%-10% of the time culture suggests that it is absent). This small percentage of false-negative results are part of the characteristics of the tests used but are also possible if the patient has received antibiotics prior to testing. Identification requires 24 to 48 hours by culture but rapid screening tests (10–60 minutes), which have a sensitivity of 85-90%, are available. Older antigen tests detect the surface Lancefield group A carbohydrate. Newer tests identify GABHS serotypes using nucleic acid (DNA) probes or polymerase chain reaction. Bacterial culture may need to be performed in cases of a negative rapid streptococcal test.[15]
True infection with GABHS, rather than colonization, is defined arbitrarily as the presence of >10 colonies of GABHS per blood agar plate. However, this method is difficult to implement because of the overlap between carriers and infected patients. An increase in antistreptolysin O (ASO) streptococcal antibody titer 3–6 weeks following the acute infection can provide retrospective evidence of GABHS infection[16] and is considered definitive proof of GABHS infection.
Increased values of secreted Phospholipase A2,[12] and altered fatty acid metabolism [17] in patients with tonsillitis may have diagnostic usefulness.

Treatment [edit]

Treatments to reduce the discomfort from tonsillitis symptoms include:[2][3][4][5][13][18][19]
  • pain relief, anti-inflammatory, fever reducing medications (acetaminophen/paracetamol and/or ibuprofen)
  • sore throat relief (warm salt water gargle, lozenges, dissolved aspirin gargle (aspirin is an anti inflammatory, do not take any other anti inflammatory drugs with this method), and iced/cold liquids)
If the tonsillitis is caused by group A streptococus, then antibiotics are useful with penicillin or amoxicillin being primary choices.[20] Cephalosporins and macrolides are considered good alternatives to penicillin in the acute setting.[21] A macrolide such as erythromycin is used for people allergic to penicillin. Individuals who fail penicillin therapy may respond to treatment effective against beta-lactamase producing bacteria[22] such as clindamycin or amoxicillin-clavulanate. Aerobic and anaerobic beta lactamase producing bacteria that reside in the tonsillar tissues can "shield" group A streptococcus from penicillins.[23] When tonsillitis is caused by a virus, the length of illness depends on which virus is involved. Usually, a complete recovery is made within one week; however, symptoms may last for up to two weeks. Chronic cases may be treated with tonsillectomy (surgical removal of tonsils) as a choice for treatment.[24]

Prognosis [edit]

Since the advent of penicillin in the 1940s, a major preoccupation in the treatment of streptococcal tonsillitis has been the prevention of rheumatic fever, and its major effects on the nervous system (Sydenham's chorea) and heart. Recent evidence would suggest that the rheumatogenic strains of group A beta hemolytic strep have become markedly less prevalent and are now only present in small pockets such as in Salt Lake City.[25] This brings into question the rationale for treating tonsillitis as a means of preventing rheumatic fever.
Complications may rarely include dehydration and kidney failure due to difficulty swallowing, blocked airways due to inflammation, and pharyngitis due to the spread of infection.[2][3][4][5][13]
An abscess may develop lateral to the tonsil during an infection, typically several days after the onset of tonsillitis. This is termed a peritonsillar abscess (or quinsy). Rarely, the infection may spread beyond the tonsil resulting in inflammation and infection of the internal jugular vein giving rise to a spreading septicaemia infection (Lemierre's syndrome).
In chronic/recurrent cases (generally defined as seven episodes of tonsillitis in the preceding year, five episodes in each of the preceding two years or three episodes in each of the preceding three years),[26][27][28] or in acute cases where the palatine tonsils become so swollen that swallowing is impaired, a tonsillectomy can be performed to remove the tonsils. Patients whose tonsils have been removed are still protected from infection by the rest of their immune system.
In strep throat, very rarely diseases like rheumatic fever[29] or glomerulonephritis[30] can occur. These complications are extremely rare in developed nations but remain a significant problem in poorer nations.[31][32] Tonsillitis associated with strep throat, if untreated, is hypothesized to lead to pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS).[33]